Emacs 有许多版本，提供了广泛的功能，但目前广泛使用的有两个版本：GNU Emacs 和 XEmacs。 （Emacs 实现的详尽列表可以在 http://www.finseth.com/~fin/emacs.html找到。）XEmacs 最初是为 GUI 使用而定制的，拥有相当广泛的用户群，但缺乏一些功能GNU Emacs 的。^{[ 1 ]}

Numerous versions of Emacs are available, offering a wide range of features, but two are in widespread use today: GNU Emacs and XEmacs. (An exhaustive list of Emacs implementations can be found at http://www.finseth.com/~fin/emacs.html.) XEmacs was originally tailored for GUI usage and has a fairly wide user base, but lacks some of the features of GNU Emacs.^[1]

本书涵盖了 GNU Emacs。自从出现以来，GNU Emacs 已经成为最流行、最强大、最灵活的 Emacs，并且没有理由相信这种情况会改变。如果您了解 GNU Emacs，您将能够毫无困难地适应任何其他 Emacs 实现；走向另一个方向并不那么容易。

This book covers GNU Emacs. Since its appearance, GNU Emacs has become the most popular, powerful, and flexible Emacs, and there's no reason to believe that this situation will change. If you know GNU Emacs, you will be able to adapt to any other Emacs implementation with no trouble; it's not so easy to go in the other direction.

然而，本书并不局限于 GNU Emacs 用户。由于不同 Emacs 实现之间的相似性，本书应该可以帮助您开始使用任何 Emacs 编辑器。基本的键盘命令从一个编辑器到另一个编辑器几乎没有变化 - 您会发现Cn（代表Ctrl-n）几乎总是意味着“移至下一行”。 Emacs 编辑器往往在更高级的命令和功能方面有所不同，但如果您正在使用这些更高级的工具并且不使用 GNU Emacs，则应该考虑进行切换。

This book, however, isn't limited to GNU Emacs users. Because of the similarities between different Emacs implementations, this book should help you get started with any Emacs editor. The basic keyboard commands change little from one editor to another—you'll find that C-n (for Ctrl-n) almost always means "move to the next line." Emacs editors tend to differ in the more advanced commands and features, but if you are using these more advanced facilities and you aren't using GNU Emacs, you should consider making the switch.

第三版涵盖了 GNU Emacs 21，特别是 21.3，更具体地说是 21.3.5。^{[ 2 ]}这个新版本已经过全面修订和扩展，以涵盖新功能并满足 Emacs 用户不断变化的需求。

This third edition covers GNU Emacs 21, specifically 21.3 and even more specifically 21.3.5.^[2] This new edition has been completely revised and expanded to cover new features and to meet the evolving needs of Emacs users.

以下是我们所做更改的一些亮点：

Here are some of the highlights of what we've changed:

您无需了解它的历史即可使用 GNU Emacs，但它的起源是计算机历史中一个有趣的部分。维护和分发 GNU Emacs 的自由软件基金会 (FSF) 已成为计算机文化的重要组成部分。

You don't need to know its history to use GNU Emacs, but its origins are an interesting part of computer history. The Free Software Foundation (FSF), which maintains and distributes GNU Emacs, has become an important part of computer culture.

很久以前（1975 年），Richard Stallman 在麻省理工学院编写了第一个 Emacs 编辑器。根据民间传说，最初的 Emacs 编辑器是 TECO 的一组宏，TECO 是一种几乎难以理解且现已过时的行编辑器。 Emacs 这个名字代表“编辑宏”。传统上还认为，Emacs 是根据一家最喜欢的冰淇淋店的名字来命名的。自 1975 年以来发生了很多事情。TECO 已经陷入了应有的默默无闻，Emacs 也被重写为一个独立的程序。 Emacs 出现了几个商业版本，其中最重要的是 Unipress Emacs 和 CCA Emacs。多年来，这些商业实现是您在学术界之外最有可能遇到的 Emacs 编辑器。

A long time ago (1975) at MIT, Richard Stallman wrote the first Emacs editor. According to the folklore, the original Emacs editor was a set of macros for TECO, an almost incomprehensible and now obsolete line editor. The name Emacs stands for "Editing Macros." Tradition also has it that Emacs is a play on the name of a favorite ice cream store. Much has happened since 1975. TECO has slipped into deserved obscurity, and Emacs has been rewritten as an independent program. Several commercial versions of Emacs appeared, of which Unipress Emacs and CCA Emacs were the most important. For several years, these commercial implementations were the Emacs editors you were most likely to run across outside of the academic world.

Stallman 的 Emacs 随着 1984 年自由软件基金会 (FSF) 和 GNU 项目的诞生而声名鹊起。GNU 代表“GNU's Not Unix”，指的是 Stallman 和他的同事正在构建的一个完整的类 Unix 操作系统 (OS) 。

Stallman's Emacs became prominent with the birth of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the GNU Project in 1984. GNU stands for "GNU's Not Unix" and refers to a complete Unix-like operating system (OS) that Stallman and his associates were building.

斯托曼创立 FSF 是为了保证某些软件始终保持免费。请注意，免费并不一定意味着便宜（您可能需要支付一定的费用来支付分发成本）；它绝对意味着摆脱关于如何使用它，特别是如何共享它的限制。

Stallman founded the FSF to guarantee that some software would always remain free. Note that Free does not necessarily mean cheap (you may have to pay a fee to cover the cost of distribution); it most definitely does mean liberated from restrictions about how it can be used and specifically how it can be shared.

斯托曼被广泛认为是自由软件运动的创始人，是开源运动的重要前身。 Linux 现在是开源软件最突出的例子，它受 GNU 公共许可证或 GPL 的约束（可在http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html在线获取）。 Stallman 认为内核本身之外的大部分 Linux 都是 GNU 软件，因此他将其称为 GNU/Linux。撇开所有争议不谈，斯托曼对开源运动的贡献不容高估。 GNU 软件和按照 GPL 分发的开源软件是全世界开发人员和计算机用户的支柱。

Stallman is widely recognized as the founder of the free software movement, which was an important predecessor of the open source movement. Linux is now the most prominent example of open source software, and it falls under the GNU Public License or GPL (available online at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). Stallman argues that much of Linux outside the kernel itself is GNU software and so he refers to it as GNU/Linux. All controversies aside, Stallman's contribution to the open source movement cannot be overestimated. GNU software and open source software distributed under the GPL are a mainstay for developers and computer users all over the world.

FSF 的创建正是为了按照鼓励您共享而不是囤积软件的条款分发程序。 GPL 旨在防止一种不幸的常见做法，即公司采用公共域代码，进行一些修改和错误修复，然后对修改后的版本进行版权保护。一旦公司这样做，该程序基本上就成为私有财产并从公共领域消失。斯托曼之所以成立这个基金会，是因为他发现这种做法令人憎恶。正如他在 GNU 宣言中所解释的那样，“出于良心，我不能签署保密协议或软件许可协议……为了让我能够继续使用计算机而不会蒙羞，我决定将足够多的自由软件放在一起，以便我将能够在没有任何非免费软件的情况下生活。”在宣言的其他地方，斯托曼将共享软件称为“程序员之间友谊的基本行为”。他们的软件是免费的，因为它可以共享并且 永远可以共享——不受限制。 FSF 软件不受限制性版权法的约束，而 Stallman 原则上反对这一点。事实上，他创造了 Copyleft一词来描述 FSF 的可共享软件基础。^{[ 3 ]}

The FSF was created precisely to distribute programs under terms that encourage you to share, rather than hoard, software. The GPL is designed to prevent an unfortunately common practice—namely, a company taking public domain code, making a few modifications and bug fixes, and then copyrighting the modified version. Once a company does this, the program has essentially become private property and disappears from the public domain. Stallman formed the foundation because he finds this practice abhorrent. As he explains in the GNU Manifesto, "I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement . . . So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free." Elsewhere in the manifesto, Stallman calls sharing software the "fundamental act of friendship among programmers." Their software is free because it can be shared and will always be shareable—without restriction. FSF software is not under restrictive copyright laws, which Stallman objects to in principle. In fact, he coined the term copyleft to describe the FSF's sharable software base.^[3]

自从 GNU Emacs 首次发布以来，GNU 操作环境的许多其他部分已经就位：C 和 C++ 编译器（gcc和g++）、非常强大的调试器（gdb）、 lex和yacc的替代品（分别称为flex和 bison ） ）、Unix shell（bash，代表“Bourne-Again Shell”）、Gimp（与 Adob​​e PhotoShop 相当的图形工具）、GNOME（Linux 桌面环境）以及许多其他程序和库。许多最初使用 GPL 变体或其他许可方案的重要开源项目都采用了 GPL 作为其许可证，包括 Python、Mozilla 和 Zope。作者 David Wheeler 认为所有开源项目都应该在 GPL 兼容许可证下发布其软件^{[ 4 ]}（ 有关他的观点和一些有关 GPL 的统计数据，请参阅http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/gpl-complete.html ） d 软件）。借助 Linux、GNU 工具和其他 GPL 软件，可以拥有符合 FSF 规定的价值观的完整操作环境。

Since GNU Emacs was first released, many other pieces of the GNU operating environment have fallen into place: C and C++ compilers (gcc and g++), a very powerful debugger (gdb), substitutes for lex and yacc (called flex and bison, respectively), a Unix shell (bash, which stands for "Bourne-Again Shell"), the Gimp (a graphics tool comparable to Adobe PhotoShop), GNOME (a desktop environment for Linux), and many other programs and libraries. Many important open source projects that originally used variants of the GPL or other licensing schemes have adopted the GPL as their license, including Python, Mozilla, and Zope. Author David Wheeler argues that all open source projects should release their software under a GPL-compatible license^[4] (see http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/gpl-compatible.html for his views and some statistics about GPL'd software). With Linux, GNU tools, and other GPL'd software, it's possible to have a complete operating environment consistent with the values set forth by the FSF.

本书旨在帮助您尽快开始使用 Emacs，无论您是经验丰富的计算机用户还是新手。前两章为您提供了需要了解的基础知识，本书的其余部分以这些基础知识为基础。读完前两章后，您不必连续阅读其余部分；您可以跳至您感兴趣的主题。此外，本书旨在为您提供所需的手持级别；您可以详细阅读这本书，也可以浏览它，查找命令表和示例。

This book is designed to get you started with Emacs as quickly as possible, whether you are an experienced computer user or a novice. The first two chapters give you the basics you need to know, and the rest of the book builds on these basics. After the first two chapters, you don't have to read the rest consecutively; you can skip to the topics that interest you. Additionally, the book is designed to give you just the level of hand-holding you want; you can either read the book in detail or skim it, looking for tables of commands and examples.

以下是您可以采取的一些阅读路径：

Here are some reading paths you could take:

这些阅读路径仅供参考。 Emacs 是一款巨大的、功能丰富的编辑器。我们已为您将其分为易于消化的部分，因此您不必因其大小和范围而被推迟。学习 Emacs 的最佳方法是循序渐进；现在学习一点，然后当您对它们感到好奇时了解更多功能。如果您需要做某事但不知道如何在 Emacs 中做，Emacs 可能已经做到了；如果没有，你可以学习如何编写一个 Lisp 函数将其添加到 Emacs 中（详细信息请参阅第 11 章）。在线帮助系统是即时了解新功能的绝佳场所；在线帮助将在第 1 章中讨论，并在第 14 章中进行更详细的介绍 。

These reading paths are offered only as a guideline. Emacs is one gigantic, functionally rich editor. We've divided it up into digestible bites for you, so you don't have to be put off by its size and scope. The best way to learn Emacs is incrementally; learn a little now, then learn more features as you get curious about them. If you need to do something and don't know how to do it in Emacs, Emacs probably already does it; if it doesn't, you can learn how to write a Lisp function to add it to Emacs (see Chapter 11 for details). The online help system is an excellent place to learn about new features on the fly; online help is discussed in Chapter 1 and in more detail in Chapter 14.

以下列出了您在雨天可能需要了解的一些功能：

Here's a list of some features you might want to learn about on a rainy day:

以下是每章内容的快速摘要：

Here's a quick summary of what's in each chapter:

第 1 章，Emacs 基础知识，告诉您如何启动 Emacs 以及如何使用文件。它还提供了在线帮助系统的快速介绍。

Chapter 1, Emacs Basics, tells you how to start Emacs and how to work with files. It also provides a quick introduction to the online help system.

第 2 章，编辑，解释了用于移动、复制和粘贴文本以及撤消更改的命令。它还引入了非常基本的定制。

Chapter 2, Editing, explains commands for moving around, copying and pasting text, and undoing changes. It also introduces very basic customization.

第 3 章，搜索和替换，涵盖更多编辑功能，包括搜索和替换、单词缩写模式和拼写检查。

Chapter 3, Search and Replace, covers more editing features, including search and replace, word abbreviation mode, and spell checking.

第 4 章，使用缓冲区、窗口和框架，描述如何使用多个缓冲区和窗口，包括 Emacs 样式窗口（划分单个操作系统窗口）和传统操作系统窗口（Emacs 称为 框架）。它还讨论了如何在大文件中为您的位置添加书签。

Chapter 4, Using Buffers, Windows, and Frames, describes how to use multiple buffers and windows, both Emacs-style windows (that divide a single OS window) and traditional OS windows (which Emacs refers to as frames). It also discusses how to bookmark your place in large files.

第 5 章，Emacs 作为工作环境，讨论从 Emacs 内部发出命令、处理文件和目录以及使用基本的时间管理工具（例如日历和日记）。

Chapter 5, Emacs as a Work Environment, talks about issuing commands from within Emacs, working with files and directories, and using basic time management tools such as the calendar and diary.

第 6 章，编写宏，讨论使用宏来消除重复任务。

Chapter 6, Writing Macros, discusses using macros to eliminate repetitive tasks.

第 7 章，简单文本格式设置和专业编辑，涵盖基本文本格式设置（例如制表符、缩进和居中）以及一些更稀有的功能，例如轮廓模式和矩形编辑。

Chapter 7, Simple Text Formatting and Specialized Editing, covers basic text formatting (such as tabs, indentation, and centering) as well as some of the more rarefied features, like outline mode and rectangle editing.

第 8 章，标记语言支持，描述 Emacs 对 HTML、XML、TEX 和 LATEX 的支持。

Chapter 8, Markup Language Support, describes Emacs support for HTML, XML, TEX, and LATEX..

第 9 章，计算机语言支持，介绍了作为编程环境的 Emacs，包括对 C、Java、Lisp、Perl 和 SQL 的编辑支持，以及编译器和 Unix make实用程序的接口。它还描述了 Emacs 的 Java 开发环境 (JDEE)。

Chapter 9, Computer Language Support, covers Emacs as a programming environment, including editing support for C, Java, Lisp, Perl, and SQL, as well as the interface to compilers and the Unix make utility. It also describes the Java Development Environment for Emacs (JDEE).

第 10 章，定制 Emacs，描述 Emacs 的定制工具。交互式自定义工具允许您更改变量而无需编辑启动文件。本章还介绍了如何设置.emacs自定义文件。它描述了如何修改显示、键盘命令和编辑环境，以及如何加载 Lisp 包以获得额外功能。

Chapter 10, Customizing Emacs, describes Emacs's customization facilities. The interactive Custom tool allows you to change variables without editing your startup file. The chapter also explains how to set up your .emacs customization file. It describes how to modify your display, keyboard commands, and editing environment as well as how to load Lisp packages for extra functionality.

第 11 章，Emacs Lisp 编程，描述了 Emacs Lisp 的基础知识，您可以使用该语言来进一步自定义 Emacs。

Chapter 11, Emacs Lisp Programming, describes the basics of Emacs Lisp, the language you can use to further customize Emacs.

第 12 章，版本控制，描述用于版本控制的 VC 模式及其与 CVS、RCS、Subversion 和 SCCS 的接口。

Chapter 12, Version Control, describes VC mode for version control and its interface to CVS, RCS, Subversion, and SCCS.

第 13 章，特定于平台的注意事项，讨论如何在 Unix、Windows 和 Mac OS X 上安装 Emacs。它还提供了 Windows 和 Mac OS X 的特定于平台的信息。

Chapter 13, Platform-Specific Considerations, discusses how to install Emacs on Unix, Windows, and Mac OS X. It also provides platform-specific information for Windows and Mac OS X.

第 14 章，帮助系统，描述了 Emacs 丰富、全面的在线帮助工具。

Chapter 14, The Help System, describes Emacs's rich, comprehensive online help facilities.

附录 A，Emacs 变量，列出了许多重要的 Emacs 变量，包括本书中提到的所有变量。

Appendix A, Emacs Variables, lists many important Emacs variables, including all the variables mentioned in this book.

附录 B，Emacs Lisp 软件包，列出了 Emacs 附带的一些最有用的 Lisp 软件包。

Appendix B, Emacs Lisp Packages, lists some of the most useful Lisp packages that come with Emacs.

附录 C，错误和错误修复，告诉您如何（以及何时）报告您在 Emacs 中发现的错误。它还描述了如何为 GNU 项目做出贡献，无论是通过代码增强还是通过金钱。

Appendix C, Bugs and Bug Fixes, tells you how (and when) to report bugs you find in Emacs. It also describes how to contribute to the GNU Project, whether through code enhancements or monetarily.

附录 D，在线资源，介绍了一些重要的 Emacs 相关网站。

Appendix D, Online Resources, gives a tour of some important Emacs-related web sites.

附录 E，快速参考，提供了本书中讨论的最重要的 Emacs 命令的简要描述。

Appendix E, Quick Reference, provides brief descriptions of the most important Emacs commands discussed in this book.

本书最后提供了一个词汇表，其中定义了您将遇到的 Emacs 术语、一个索引和一张可拆卸的快速参考卡，其中总结了重要命令以便于访问。

The book concludes with a glossary that defines Emacs terms you'll encounter, an index, and a detachable quick reference card that summarizes important commands for easy access.

GNU Emacs 是一个大型且功能强大的编辑器；在本书中，我们仅向您提供其功能的一个示例。许多功能被遗漏了，并且一直在添加更多功能。然而，有些主题并未涵盖：

GNU Emacs is a large and powerful editor; in this book, we give you only a sample of what it does. Many features have been left out, and more features are added all the time. Some topics, however, are not covered:

Emacs 命令由修饰符（例如Control ）和一系列击键组成，您可以像按住Shift键一样按住它 。例如，Control-x Control-s保存文件。

Emacs commands consist of a modifier, such as Control, which you hold down as you would the Shift key, and a series of keystrokes. For example, Control-x Control-s saves a file.

Emacs 使用的另一个修饰符是 元键。很少有键盘有标记为Meta 的键。因此，在本书的前几个版本中，我们拒绝谈论 Meta键，并在所有说明中用Esc代替。

The other modifier Emacs uses is the Meta key. Few keyboards have keys labeled Meta. Because of this, in previous editions of this book, we refused to talk about the Meta key and substituted Esc in all our instructions.

在这个版本中，我们希望您了解Meta键在哪里。通常， 元键位于空格键的左侧和右侧。在 Linux 和 Windows 键盘上， Alt键是Meta键。在 Mac 键盘上，Apple键（通常称为Command）默认为Meta键。

In this edition, we want you to learn where the Meta key is. Typically Meta keys are to the immediate left and right of the Space bar. On Linux and Windows keyboards, the Alt key is the Meta key. On Mac keyboards, the Apple key, often called Command is the Meta key by default.

为什么要了解并使用Meta 键？原因是速度。我们在本书中强调键绑定。新用户可能会发现图标和菜单很有帮助，但从长远来看，学习如何将手放在键盘上可以让您提高速度并提高工作效率。 Meta 键将帮助您提高速度，并让您轻松使用 Emacs 帮助（指Meta ）。

Why learn about and use the Meta key? The reason is speed. We emphasize key bindings in this book. New users may find icons and menus helpful, but in the long run, learning how to keep your hands on the keyboard allows you to gain speed and boosts your productivity. The Meta key will help you gain that speed and make it easy for you to use Emacs help, which refers to Meta.

根据您的风格，您可能仍然更喜欢使用Esc而不是Meta。请记住，使用Esc 键按下并释放该键，然后按下一个键。

Depending on your style, you may still prefer to use Esc instead of Meta. Just bear in mind that with Esc you press and release the key, then press the next key.

本节介绍本书中使用的约定。

This section covers the conventions used in this book.

例子

Examples

在整本书中，您将找到要输入的按键，然后是显示结果的屏幕截图。

Throughout the book, you'll find keystrokes to type, followed by a screenshot showing the results.

类型：Cx Cf myfile Type: C-x C-f myfile

使用find-file命令打开文件或创建新文件。 Use the find-file command to open a file or create a new file.

Cx Cf以粗体显示，表明这正是您键入的内容。myfile以等宽斜体显示，因为您可以替换您选择的任何文件名，而无需准确键入您在此处看到的内容。

C-x C-f is in bold, indicating that this is exactly what you type. myfile is shown in constant width italics because you could substitute any filename you choose and need not type exactly what you see here.

通常，这些屏幕截图来自 Linux 系统。我们还提供了在 Mac OS X 和 Windows 上拍摄的屏幕截图。当我们显示此类屏幕截图时，我们会在屏幕截图的标题中包含平台的指示。

Typically, these screenshots come from a Linux system. We also include screenshots taken on Mac OS X and Windows. When we show such screenshots, we include an indication of the platform in the caption for the screenshot.

在本书的最后，当我们讨论编程模式、定制和 Lisp 编程时，屏幕截图变得相当笨拙。我们最终会使用更少的它们。相反，我们可能会显示一两行文本。如果相关，我们显示光标的位置：

Toward the end of the book, when we're discussing programming modes, customization, and Lisp programming, screenshots become rather unwieldy. We eventually use fewer of them. Instead, we may show one or two lines of text. If it's relevant, we show the cursor's position:

/*这是一个c注释*/

/* This is a c comment */

我们已尽最大努力测试和验证了本书中的信息，但您可能会发现功能发生了变化（甚至我们犯了错误！）。请写信至以下地址，告知我们您发现的任何错误以及您对未来版本的建议：

We have tested and verified the information in this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that features have changed (or even that we have made mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as your suggestions for future editions, by writing to:

要提出技术问题或对本书发表评论，请发送电子邮件至：

To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to:

bookquestions@oreilly.com

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我们有一个关于这本书的网站，我们将在其中列出示例、勘误表以及未来版本的任何计划。您可以通过以下地址访问此页面：

We have a web site for the book, where we'll list examples, errata, and any plans for future editions. You can access this page at:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/gnu3/

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/gnu3/

当您在您喜爱的技术书籍的封面上看到启用 Safari® 的图标时，这意味着该书可通过 O'Reilly Network Safari 书架在线获取。

When you see a Safari® enabled icon on the cover of your favorite technology book that means the book is available online through the O'Reilly Network Safari Bookshelf.

Safari 提供了比电子书更好的解决方案。它是一个虚拟图书馆，可让您轻松搜索数千本顶级技术书籍、剪切和粘贴代码示例、下载章节，并在需要最准确的最新信息时快速找到答案。请访问http://safari.oreilly.com免费试用。

Safari offers a solution that's better than e-Books. It's a virtual library that let's you easily search thousands of top tech books, cut and paste code samples, download chapters, and find quick answers when you nee the most accurate, current information. Try it free at http://safari.oreilly.com.

有关本书和其他书籍的更多信息，请访问 O'Reilly 网站：

For more information about this book and others, see the O'Reilly web site:

http://www.oreilly.com

http://www.oreilly.com

您还可以将有关 Emacs 的问题和有关本书的建议发送至deb@oreilly.com。

You can also send questions about Emacs and suggestions about this book to deb@oreilly.com.

Debra Cameron：首先，我要感谢 Duffy Craven 向我介绍 Emacs。其次，我要感谢我的合著者。比尔·罗森布拉特 (Bill Rosenblatt) 对本书的第一版提供了巨大的帮助，而埃里克·雷蒙德 (Eric Raymond) 在第二版上的工作速度惊人，才华横溢，同时也为第三版提供了一些意见。我要特别感谢我的合著者 Jim Elliott 和 Marc Loy，老实说，没有他们，第三版就不可能完成。他们不断的鼓励、支持和辛勤工作使这一版本成为现实。我要感谢所有来信提出建议的读者，特别是 Russell Harris、Seema Kumar 和 Hui Olan。我还要感谢 Eric Pement，他向我介绍了非常有趣的 TEI Emacs 附加组件，以及该 Emacs 扩展环境的作者，包括 Sebastian Rahtz 和 Syd Bauman。就我个人而言，我要感谢我的丈夫吉姆和我的孩子梅格、大卫、贝丝和凯文在本书修订过程中的耐心和帮助，也感谢我的朋友艾琳和杰基的支持。最重要的是，我要感谢所有开发人员和黑客，他们继续使 GNU Emacs 成为我使用过的最令人惊奇的软件。

Debra Cameron: First, I would like to thank Duffy Craven for introducing me to Emacs. Second, I would like to thank my coauthors. Bill Rosenblatt was a tremendous help on the first edition of this book, and Eric Raymond worked with blinding speed and brilliance on the second, providing some input on the third as well. I would especially like to thank my coauthors Jim Elliott and Marc Loy, without whom, in all honesty, this third edition would never have been finished. Their constant encouragement, support, and hard work helped make this edition a reality. I would like to thank all the readers who wrote in with their suggestions, especially Russell Harris, Seema Kumar, and Hui Oulan. I would also like to thank Eric Pement, who pointed me to the very interesting TEI Emacs add-on, as well as the authors of that extended environment for Emacs, including Sebastian Rahtz and Syd Bauman. Personally, I would like to thank my husband Jim and my kids Meg, David, Beth, and Kevin for their patience and help during the revision of this book and also my friends Irene and Jacki for their support. Most of all, I would like to thank all the developers and hackers who continue to make GNU Emacs the most amazing piece of software I have ever worked with.

James Elliott：我必须感谢 Deb 让我帮助人们了解 Emacs。我长期以来一直钦佩（并依赖）该编辑器及其不断增长的工具和扩展生态系统，以及自由软件基金会的理念和成果。它们代表了计算对我来说是一个有趣且有价值的领域的精华，我很荣幸能成为这个项目的一部分。具有讽刺意味的是，我还必须感谢 Deb 在我的 Hibernate 书问世时让我休息了很多时间。

James Elliott: I have to thank Deb for asking me to help people learn about Emacs. I've long admired (and relied on) the editor and its ever-growing ecosystem of tools and extensions, as well as the philosophy and results of the Free Software Foundation. They represent a distillation of what makes computing an interesting and valuable field for me, and I am honored to be part of this project. Ironically, I have to also thank Deb for letting me take a big chunk of time off when my Hibernate book came into being.

还要感谢 Marc，他最初将我介绍给 O'Reilly 的优秀人员，也感谢他对本书的帮助和投入。当我在中间被拉走时，他最终贡献的钱比他报名的要多。我也不应该忘记纽约 Niskayuna GE 公司研发中心的优秀同事，他们在我实习期间首先向我介绍了 Emacs 的奥秘。我感谢乔的爱和支持。让我们聆听成千上万将 Emacs 发展成今天的样子的演员们的声音！

Thanks are also due to Marc, both for initially introducing me to the fine folks at O'Reilly and for his help and input on this book. He ended up contributing more than he signed up for when I got pulled away in the middle. Nor should I forget my fine colleagues at GE's Corporate Research and Development Center in Niskayuna, New York who first introduced me to the mysteries of Emacs as an intern there. I'm indebted to Joe for his love and support. And let's hear it for the cast of thousands who have grown Emacs into what it is today!

Marc Loy：我要感谢南加州大学计算机实验室那些偶尔偷懒（不，可以说是过度劳累）的工作人员，他们让我开始使用 Emacs。当我坐下来编写我的第一个计算机程序时， vi备忘单已经用完了（我不会承认我必须使用的语言。）从那时起我就一直对这件事心存感激。我还要感谢吉姆和黛布在我们完成最新版本时对事物的乐观看法。和往常一样，我的妹妹 Amy 和我的搭档 Ron 仍然是我世界中永远向善的力量，让围绕有趣的东西（比如写 Emacs）的所有愚蠢行为（比如政治）变得可以忍受。

Marc Loy: I have the occasionally lazy—no, let's say overworked—staff at the University of Southern California's computer labs to thank for getting me started on Emacs. They were out of vi cheat sheets when I sat down to write my first computer program. (I won't admit to the language I had to use.) I've been grateful for that happenstance ever since. I'd also like to thank Jim and Deb for their cheery outlook on things as we finished up this latest edition. As always, my sister Amy and my partner Ron remain constant forces for good in my world and make all the silliness (like politics) surrounding the fun stuff (like writing about Emacs) tolerable.

Eric Raymond：我首先要感谢整个黑客社区，所有创造了 Emacs Lisp 编程丰富传统的人，将 Emacs 定制从优雅的理论可能性变成了实用工具。我的部分知识是通过阅读 Olin Shivers、Jamie Zawinski、Kyle Jones、Barry Warsaw、Roland McGrath、Richard Stallman 本人（当然）以及其他许多人编写的代码而学到的。其次，我一如既往地感谢我的妻子凯瑟琳，并给予我最热烈的爱，在我完成本书的工作时，她在很多层面上支持了我。最后，我对 O'Reilly 那些时髦、专业、聪明的人们表示感谢和敬意。他们知道如何写出一本好书，以及如何正确对待作者。他们很关心，这一点也体现出来了。

Eric Raymond: My thanks go first to the hacker community at large, all the people who created the rich tradition of Emacs Lisp programming that takes Emacs customization from elegant theoretical possibility to practical tool. I learned what I know partly from reading code written by the likes of Olin Shivers, Jamie Zawinski, Kyle Jones, Barry Warsaw, Roland McGrath, Richard Stallman himself (of course), and many others. Secondly, my thanks and warmest love go as always to my wife Catherine, who supported me on many levels while I worked on my bits of this book. Finally, my thanks and respect to the hip, professional, and clueful people at O'Reilly. They know how to produce a good book and how to treat an author right. They care, and it shows.

比尔·罗森布拉特：我要感谢以下人：理查德·马丁教授（普林斯顿大学古典系），他在我心中种下了种子，最终使写作从苦差事变成了乐趣； Intermetrics, Inc. 给了我足够的时间来研究 GNU Emacs；哈尔·斯特恩（Hal Stern）为我安排了这次演出；桑迪·怀斯，感谢他的帮助；杰西卡·勒斯蒂格，感谢她的爱和支持；最重要的是，我的研究生室友们忍受了日夜不停的电话线。

Bill Rosenblatt: I would like to thank the following people: Professor Richard Martin (Princeton Classics Department), for planting the seed in me that eventually turned writing from a chore to a pleasure; Intermetrics, Inc., for giving me little enough to do that I could fritter away my workdays delving into GNU Emacs; Hal Stern, for getting me this gig; Sandy Wise, for his help; Jessica Lustig, for her love and support; and most importantly, my grad-school housemates for putting up with a tied-up phone line at all hours of the day and night.

你真的不 使用 Emacs 编辑文件。相反，Emacs 将文件的内容复制到临时缓冲区中，然后您对其进行编辑。在保存缓冲区之前，磁盘上的文件不会更改。与文件一样，Emacs 缓冲区也有名称。缓冲区的名称通常与您正在编辑的文件的名称相同。有一些例外。有些缓冲区没有关联的文件——例如，*scratch*只是一个临时练习缓冲区，如便签本；帮助工具在名为 的缓冲区中显示帮助消息 *Help*，该缓冲区也未连接到文件。

You don't really edit files with Emacs. Instead, Emacs copies the contents of a file into a temporary buffer and you edit that. The file on disk doesn't change until you save the buffer. Like files, Emacs buffers have names. The name of a buffer is usually the same as the name of the file that you're editing. There are a few exceptions. Some buffers don't have associated files—for example, *scratch* is just a temporary practice buffer, like a scratchpad; the help facility displays help messages in a buffer named *Help*, which also isn't connected to a file.

Emacs实现它的一些著名的多功能性是通过具有不同的编辑模式来实现的，在这些模式中它的行为略有不同。模式这个词听起来可能很技术性，但它真正的意思是 Emacs 对手头的任务变得敏感。当您写作时，您通常需要自动换行等功能，这样您就不必在每行末尾按Enter键。编程时，必须根据语言正确设置代码格式。对于写作，有文本模式；对于编程，有针对不同语言的模式，包括 C、Java 和 Perl。那么，模式让 Emacs 成为您想要完成不同任务的编辑器。

Emacs achieves some of its famed versatility by having various editing modes in which it behaves slightly differently. The word mode may sound technical, but what it really means is that Emacs becomes sensitive to the task at hand. When you're writing, you often want features like word wrap so that you don't have to press Enter at the end of every line. When you're programming, the code must be formatted correctly depending on the language. For writing, there's text mode; for programming, there are modes for different languages, including C, Java, and Perl. Modes, then, allow Emacs to be the kind of editor you want for different tasks.

文本模式和Java模式是 主要模式。一个缓冲区一次只能处于一种主要模式；要退出一种主要模式，您必须进入另一种模式。表 1-1列出了一些主要模式、它们的用途以及 本书将介绍这些内容。

Text mode and Java mode are major modes. A buffer can be in only one major mode at a time; to exit a major mode, you have to enter another one. Table 1-1 lists some of the major modes, what they do, and where they're covered in this book.

每当您编辑文件时， Emacs 尝试将您设置为适合您要编辑的内容的正确主要模式。如果您编辑以.c结尾的文件，它会将您置于抄送模式。如果您编辑以.el结尾的文件 ，它会将您置于 Lisp 模式。有时它会查看文件的内容而不仅仅是其名称。如果您编辑 TEX 格式的文件，Emacs 会将您置于 LaTeX 模式。如果它无法告诉您应该处于哪种模式，它会将您置于基本模式，即最一般的模式。由于 Emacs 是可扩展的，因此也可以使用外接程序模式；我们在本书中讨论了一些内容，尽管我们没有在表 1-1中列出它们。

Whenever you edit a file, Emacs attempts to put you into the correct major mode for what you're going to edit. If you edit a file that ends in .c, it puts you into cc mode. If you edit a file that ends in .el, it puts you in Lisp mode. Sometimes it looks at the contents of the file rather than just its name. If you edit a file formatted for TEX, Emacs puts you in LaTeX mode. If it cannot tell what mode you should be in, it puts you in fundamental mode, the most general of all. Because Emacs is extensible, add-in modes are also available; we talk about some in this book, though we do not list them in Table 1-1.

除了主要模式外 还有一些小模式。这些定义了 Emacs 行为的特定方面，并且可以在主要模式中打开和关闭。例如，自动填充模式意味着 Emacs 应该自动换行；当您输入长行时，它应该自动进行适当的换行。表 1-2列出了一些次要模式、它们的作用以及它们的覆盖范围 这本书。

In addition to major modes there are also minor modes. These define a particular aspect of Emacs's behavior and can be turned on and off within a major mode. For example, auto-fill mode means that Emacs should do word wrap; when you type a long line, it should automatically make an appropriate line break. Table 1-2 lists some minor modes, what they do, and where they're covered in this book.

您可能已经注意到 段落缩进文本模式、大纲模式和编译模式等几种模式都是主要模式和次要模式。每个模式都可以单独使用——作为主要模式——或者与另一个主要模式作为次要模式。

You may have noticed that several modes, including paragraph indent text mode, outline mode, and compilation mode, are both major and minor modes. Each can be used alone—as a major mode—or with another major mode as a minor mode.

还有许多其他模式我们不会讨论，包括一些晦涩但有趣的编程语言（如 Modula-2）的模式。 Emacs 本身还使用一些其他模式，例如用于目录编辑功能的 Dired 模式（在第 5 章中描述）。

There are many other modes that we won't discuss, including modes for some obscure but interesting programming languages (like Modula-2). There are also some other modes that Emacs uses itself, like Dired mode for the directory editing feature (described in Chapter 5).

此外，如果您擅长 Lisp 编程，您可以添加自己的模式。 Emacs 几乎可以无限扩展。

In addition, if you're good at Lisp programming, you can add your own modes. Emacs is almost infinitely extensible.

要启动 Emacs， 只需单击 Emacs 图标或 在命令行中输入emacs^{并按 Enter 键即可。 [ 1 ]}

To start Emacs, simply click on the Emacs icon or type emacs on the command line and press Enter.^[1]

单击 Emacs 图标，或者从命令行键入：emacs Enter Click on the Emacs icon or, from the command line, type: emacs Enter

启动 Emacs。 Starting Emacs.

您将看到一条简短消息，描述一些重要的菜单项以及您正在运行的 Emacs 版本。它可能显示为图形启动屏幕（如此处所示）或文本启动屏幕。一旦您键入第一个字符，此消息就会消失。然后，Emacs 将您置于一个（几乎）空的缓冲区中，称为 *scratch*，这是您进行实验的理想场所。

You'll see a short message describing a few important menu items and the version of Emacs that you're running. It may appear as a graphical splash screen (like the one shown here) or a text splash screen. This message disappears as soon as you type the first character. Emacs then puts you in an (almost) empty buffer called *scratch*, an ideal place for you to experiment.

当你进入 Emacs，您会在窗口顶部附近看到一个大工作区，您可以在其中进行编辑。 （见图1-1。）

When you enter Emacs, you see a large workspace near the top of the window where you do your editing. (See Figure 1-1.)

图 1-1。了解 Emacs 显示

Figure 1-1. Understanding the Emacs display

光标标记您的位置。这 光标也称为点，特别是对于更熟悉 Emacs 和在线帮助系统的人来说；因此，记住这个术语很有用。

A cursor marks your position. The cursor is also called point, particularly among people who are more familiar with Emacs and in the online help system; therefore, it's useful to remember this term.

在开始打字之前，您无需执行任何特殊操作。只要您输入字母数字字符和标点符号，Emacs 就会将它们插入到缓冲区中。光标指示 Emacs 插入新字符的位置；它会随着您的打字而移动。与许多编辑器（尤其是vi）不同，Emacs 没有单独的插入文本和发出命令的模式。现在尝试输入一些内容，您就会开始发现 Emacs 是多么容易使用。 （如果您因任何原因卡住，只需按Cg即可。）

You don't have to do anything special before you start typing. As long as you type alphanumeric characters and punctuation, Emacs inserts them into your buffer. The cursor indicates where Emacs inserts the new characters; it moves as you type. Unlike many editors (particularly vi), Emacs does not have separate modes for inserting text and giving commands. Try typing something right now, and you'll begin to see how easy Emacs is to use. (If you get stuck for any reason, just press C-g.)

工具栏

The Toolbar

工具栏是一个新功能 在Emacs 21中，其基本图标及其功能如表1-3所示。请注意，工具栏是上下文相关的；在某些模式下，例如用于阅读 Emacs 手册的信息模式，工具栏会发生变化以提供浏览帮助。我们将讨论这些图标 当我们涵盖相关模式时。

The toolbar is a new feature in Emacs 21. Its basic icons and their functions are listed in Table 1-3. Note that the toolbar is context sensitive; in some modes, such as the Info mode for reading the Emacs manual, the toolbar changes to provide browsing help. We'll discuss those icons when we cover the relevant modes.

表 1-3。 Emacs 工具栏上的图标

Table 1-3. Icons on the Emacs toolbar

图标 Icon	功能 Function	哪里可以了解更多信息 Where to learn more
	查找文件或创建新文件（提供文件名）。 Find a file or create a new file (supplying the filename).	本章 This chapter
	启动目录编辑器，以便您可以操作文件和文件夹。 Start the directory editor so you can manipulate files and folder.	第5章 Chapter 5
	杀死当前缓冲区。 Kill the current buffer.	第4章 Chapter 4
	将当前缓冲区保存在其关联文件中。 Save current buffer in its associated file.	本章 This chapter
	将当前缓冲区保存为不同的文件。 Save current buffer as a different file.	本章 This chapter
	撤消。 Undo.	第2章 Chapter 2
	剪切包含当前区域的文本。 Cut text that comprises the current region.	第2章 Chapter 2
	复制当前区域中的文本。 Copy text in current region.	第2章 Chapter 2
	粘贴剪切或复制的文本。 Paste cut or copied text.	第2章 Chapter 2
	搜索字符串。 Search for a string.	第3章 Chapter 3
	打印页面（带标题）。 Print page (with headings).	第5章 Chapter 5
	使用交互式界面进行定制。 Customize using interactive interface.	第10章 Chapter 10
	启动在线帮助系统。 Start online help system.	第14章 Chapter 14

如果您不喜欢工具栏，您可以 可以使用菜单选项（选项→显示/隐藏→ 工具栏）并选择选项→保存选项来隐藏它。有关详细信息，请参阅第 2 章末尾的第 2.7 节。

If you don't like the toolbar, you can hide it using a menu option (Options→ Show/Hide→ Toolbar), and choosing Options→ Save Options. For more information, see Section 2.7 at the end of Chapter 2.

菜单

The Menus

菜单栏菜单列出选项“文件”、“编辑”、“选项”、“缓冲区”、“工具”和“帮助”；您可以探索它们以查看可用的选项。

The menu bar menu lists the options File, Edit, Options, Buffers, Tools, and Help; you can explore them to see what options are available.

除了导航之外 使用鼠标访问菜单，Emacs 现在提供弹出菜单。在Emacs窗口中，按住Ctrl并单击鼠标右键，弹出“编辑”菜单。^{[ 2 ]}

In addition to navigating the menus using the mouse, Emacs now offers pop-up menus. In the Emacs window, hold down Ctrl and click the right mouse button to pop up the Edit menu.^[2]

您无需访问菜单即可 使用键盘的鼠标。在这种情况下，使用键盘命令比菜单更有效，但为了完整起见，我们将向您展示如何使用基于文本的菜单。 （如果您更喜欢在 Emacs 中使用鼠标，但只能访问文本界面，请参阅第 13 章 ，了解如何下载和安装在 Unix、Linux、Mac OS X 或 Windows 上以图形方式运行的 Emacs 版本。）

You can access menus without a mouse using the keyboard. In this case, using keyboard commands is much more efficient than menus, but for completeness, we'll show you how to use the text-based menus. (If you prefer to use the mouse with Emacs but have access only to a text interface, see Chapter 13 to learn how to download and install a version of Emacs that runs graphically on Unix, Linux, Mac OS X, or Windows.)

如果您的鼠标无法使用菜单，请按F10或M-`（反引号，单左引号，位于 许多键盘左上角Tab键上方）来访问它们。

If your mouse does not work with the menus, press F10 or M-` (a back quote, the single open quotation mark, located above the Tab key in the upper-left corner of many keyboards) to access them.

按：F10 Press: F10

使用基于文本的菜单（Mac OS X 终端应用程序上的 Emacs 21.2）。 Using text-based menus (Emacs 21.2 on Mac OS X Terminal application).

您可以选择基于文本的菜单 可以通过三种方式选择：

You can select text-based menu options in three ways:

• 您可以按Enter键选择迷你缓冲区中显示的默认选项。如果您想要其他选项，请按向上或向下箭头键，直到出现您需要的选项，然后按 Enter。

• You can press Enter to select the default option that appears in the minibuffer. If you want a different one, press the up or down arrow key until the option you want appears and press Enter.

• 您可以在缓冲区中键入选项前面的字母 *Completions*。例如，键入f选择“文件”。

• You can type the letter preceding the option in the *Completions* buffer. For example, type f to choose File.

• 您可以按PgUp移动到 *Completions*缓冲区，然后使用箭头键移动到您想要的选项。按Enter 键。 （在 Mac OS X 上，请按Shift-PgUp。）

• You can press PgUp to move to the *Completions* buffer, then use the arrow keys to move to the option you want. Press Enter. (On Mac OS X, press Shift-PgUp instead.)

选择菜单选项后，会出现该菜单的选项。重复该过程，直到找到您正在寻找的选项。

After you select a menu option, choices for that menu appear. Repeat the process until you find the option you're looking for.

你即将开始 学习一些 Emacs 命令，所以让我们先讨论一下它们。你如何下达命令？每个命令都有一个正式的名称，（如果你很挑剔的话）它是一个 Lisp 例程的名称。有些命令名称很长；您通常不想输入整个内容。因此，我们需要某种方法来缩写命令。

You're about to start learning some Emacs commands, so let's discuss them a bit first. How do you give commands? Each command has a formal name, which (if you're fastidious) is the name of a Lisp routine. Some command names are quite long; you usually wouldn't want to type the whole thing. As a result, we need some way to abbreviate commands.

Emacs 将命令名称与短序列联系起来 的击键次数。这种命令与击键的联系是 称为 绑定。即使您通常不认为是命令的事情（例如插入您键入的字符）也是通过绑定机制处理的。像“A”这样的键绑定到 Emacs 命令 self-insert-command，该命令将它们插入到您正在编辑的缓冲区中。^{[ 4 ]}您通常认为是编辑器命令的大多数操作都绑定到以 Ctrl或Meta开头的击键序列。 Emacs 还将一些命令绑定到鼠标单击（单独或通过Shift 或Ctrl修改）以及菜单上的选项。

Emacs ties a command name to a short sequence of keystrokes. This tying of commands to keystrokes is known as binding. Even things you don't normally think about as commands, such as inserting the characters that you type, are handled through the binding mechanism. Keys like "A" are bound to the Emacs command self-insert-command, which inserts them into the buffer you are editing.^[4] Most actions that you would normally think of as editor commands are bound to keystroke sequences starting with Ctrl or Meta. Emacs also binds some commands to mouse clicks (alone or modified by Shift or Ctrl) and to options on menus.

Emacs 的作者尝试将最常用的命令绑定到最容易到达的按键序列。以下是您将遇到的各种按键序列：

The authors of Emacs try to bind the most frequently used commands to the key sequences that are the easiest to reach. Here are the varieties of key sequences you'll encounter:

您可以定义自己的键绑定也是如此，如果您发现自己一直使用长形式的命令，则应该这样做。第 10 章将详细介绍该主题。

You can define your own key bindings, too, and you should do so if you find yourself using the long form of a command all the time. More on this topic in Chapter 10.

您还可以通过菜单访问常用命令，但为了最大程度地提高工作效率，我们建议您学习击键，这些击键通常在菜单选项后面的括号中给出。

You can also access common commands through menus, but for maximum productivity, we recommend you learn the keystrokes, often given in parentheses following the menu option.

您可以通过指定打开文件 从命令行或键入Cx Cf启动 Emacs 时的文件名 （长命令名称为find-file）。

You can open a file by specifying the filename when you start Emacs from the command line or by typing C-x C-f (the long command name is find-file).

工具栏上的纸张图标也运行此命令。在某些应用程序中，类似的图标只是创建一个新的未命名文件（例如，Document1在 Word 中）。 Emacs 希望您提供一个文件名，我们稍后会看到。

The paper icon on the toolbar also runs this command. In some applications, a similar icon simply creates a new, unnamed file (e.g., Document1 in Word). Emacs expects you to provide a filename, as we'll see in a moment.

按：Cx Cf Press: C-x C-f

Emacs 提示您输入文件名。 Emacs prompts you for a filename.

要按Cx Cf，请按住 Ctrl，按x，然后按f。现在释放Ctrl。

To press C-x C-f, hold down Ctrl, press x and then press f. Now release Ctrl.

按Cx Cf后，Emacs 使用迷你缓冲区询问您文件名。每当 Emacs 需要您输入时，它就会将光标放入迷你缓冲区中。在迷你缓冲区中输入完毕后，按Enter。

After you press C-x C-f, Emacs uses the minibuffer to ask you for the filename. Whenever Emacs wants input from you, it puts the cursor in the minibuffer. When you're done typing in the minibuffer, press Enter.

类型：输入newfile Type: newfile Enter

Emacs 启动另一个缓冲区，其中包含新文件。 Emacs starts another buffer with the new file in it.

如果您尝试读取同一个文件两次怎么办？ Emacs 不会创建新的缓冲区，而是将您移动到文件所在的缓冲区。

What if you try to read the same file twice? Instead of creating a new buffer, Emacs just moves you to the buffer the file is in.

您还可以通过将文件拖放到 Emacs 窗口或 Emacs 图标上来在 Emacs 中打开文件。

You can also open a file in Emacs by dragging and dropping it on an Emacs window or on the Emacs icon.

如果您还没有尝试打字，现在是尝试打字的好时机。您可能会发现自己想要了解有关光标移动和编辑的更多信息；没关系。请随意浏览本章的其余部分并继续阅读第 2 章。我们建议您阅读有关保存文件和退出 Emacs 的部分。本章末尾还有一个命令表以供将来参考。如果您想了解有关使用文件以及一些快捷方式的更多信息，请继续阅读本章的其余部分。

Now is a good time to try typing if you haven't already done so. You may find yourself wanting to learn more about cursor movement and editing; that's fine. Feel free to skim the rest of this chapter and go on to Chapter 2. We recommend that you read the sections on saving files and exiting Emacs. There's also a table of commands at the end of this chapter for future reference. If you'd like to learn more about working with files as well as some shortcuts, stay with us through the rest of the chapter.

让 Emacs 填补空白

Letting Emacs Fill in the Blanks

Emacs 有一个非常 称为完成的有用功能。如果您想要现有文件，则只需键入名称的前几个字母，足以唯一标识文件名。按 T​​ab 键，Emacs 会为您补全文件名。例如，假设您正在尝试查找名为dickens的文件。

Emacs has a very helpful feature known as completion. If you want an existing file, you need only type the first few letters of the name, enough to uniquely identify the filename. Press Tab, and Emacs completes the filename for you. For example, suppose you are trying to find a file called dickens.

类型：Cx Cf di Type: C-x C-f di

Cx Cf之后，Emacs 会提示您输入文件名；输入前几个字母。 After C-x C-f, Emacs prompts you for the filename; type the first few letters.

按：选项卡 Press: Tab

当您按Tab时，Emacs 会填写文件名的其余部分。 When you press Tab, Emacs fills in the rest of the filename.

按：输入 Press: Enter

Emacs 读取文件dickens。 Emacs reads the file dickens.

如果多个文件以di开头，Emacs 将显示一个窗口，其中包含以该字符串开头的各种文件。您可以通过再输入几个字符（足以将您的文件标识为唯一）并 再次按Tab 键来选择一个。或者，您可以使用鼠标选择替代方案之一，或按PgUp移至完成窗口，移至所需选项，然后按 Enter。

If more than one file starts with di, Emacs displays a window with various files that start with that string. You select one by typing a few more characters (enough to identify your file as unique) and pressing Tab again. Or you can select one of the alternatives with the mouse or by pressing PgUp to move to the completions window, moving to the desired option, then pressing Enter.

完成也适用于长命令名称。这是一个很棒的 Emacs 功能，可以节省您的时间，并向您展示一些您可能不知道在此过程中存在的命令。第 14 章提供了有关完成的荣耀的更多细节。

Completion also works for long command names. It's a wonderful Emacs feature that can save you time—and show you some commands you might not know existed in the process. Chapter 14 provides more details on the glories of completion.

为了保存 在您正在编辑的文件中，输入Cx Cs。 Emacs 写入文件。为了让您知道文件已保存，它会将消息“已写入文件名”放入迷你缓冲区中。如果您没有对文件进行任何更改，Emacs 会将消息放入No changes need to be saved迷你缓冲区中。您还可以通过按工具栏上的软盘或从“文件”菜单中选择“保存”（当前缓冲区）来访问此选项。

To save the file you are editing, type C-x C-s. Emacs writes the file. To let you know that the file was saved, it puts the message Wrote filename in the minibuffer. If you haven't made any changes to the file, Emacs puts the message No changes need to be saved in the minibuffer. You can also get to this option by pressing the diskette on the toolbar or choosing Save (current buffer) from the File menu.

*scratch*如果您决定通过键入Cx Cs来保存在缓冲区中输入的内容 ，Emacs 会要求您输入文件名。给它一个文件名后，Emacs 会相应地更改模式行。

If you decide to save something you've typed in the *scratch* buffer by typing C-x C-s, Emacs asks you for a filename. After you give it a filename, Emacs changes the mode line accordingly.

相关命令是写入文件 （Cx Cw）。它相当于 Emacs 中的“另存为”选项，可在许多应用程序的“文件”中找到 菜单。write-file命令要求您在迷你缓冲区中键入新文件名。但是，如果您只是按 Enter键而不是键入新文件名，则write-file会使用旧名称保存文件，就像Cx Cs所做的那样。 （但是，它确实会询问您是否要将当前文件替换为该缓冲区中的文件。）

A related command is write-file (C-x C-w). It is the Emacs equivalent of the Save As option found on many applications' File menus. The write-file command asks you to type a new filename in the minibuffer. However, if you just press Enter instead of typing a new filename, write-file saves the file with its old name—just as C-x C-s would have done. (It does ask if you want to replace the current file with the one in this buffer, however.)

write-file命令对于编辑您无权更改的文件非常有用。使用 查找文件命令 将所需的文件放入缓冲区，然后使用write-file创建您自己的私有版本，并使用不同的名称或路径。此操作允许您将文件复制到您拥有且可以更改的文件中。当然，原始文件不受影响。

The write-file command is useful for editing files that you do not have permission to change. Use the find-file command to get the file you want into a buffer, and then use write-file to create your own private version, with a different name or path. This maneuver allows you to copy the file to one that you own and can change. Of course, the original file is not affected.

退出 Emacs，输入Cx Cc或像关闭任何其他应用程序一样关闭它。如果您对缓冲区进行了更改，Emacs 会询问您是否要保存它们。^{[ 5 ]}如果您输入y，Emacs 会写入该文件，然后退出。如果您键入n ，Emacs 会要求您通过键入yes或no来确认是否要放弃所做的更改。如果您输入no，您的正常 Emacs 会话将继续，就像您从未尝试退出一样。如果输入yes，您将退出 Emacs，并且在此会话期间所做的更改不会永久生效。如果您进行了无意的更改，则离开而不保存更改可能会很有用 使.

To quit Emacs, type C-x C-c or close it like you would any other application. If you have made changes to a buffer, Emacs asks you if you want to save them.^[5] If you type y, Emacs writes the file, then exits. If you type n, Emacs asks you to confirm that you want to abandon the changes you made by typing yes or no in full. If you type no, your normal Emacs session continues just as if you never attempted to exit. If you type yes, you exit Emacs and the changes you made during this session do not become permanent. Leaving without saving changes can be useful if you make changes you didn't intend to make.

顺便说一句，Emacs 对您输入y还是yes很挑剔。有时它想要一个，有时又想要另一个。如果它要求输入 y ，有时您可以输入yes来逃脱，但反之则不然。如果它发出蜂鸣声并显示 ，Please answer yes or no则您没有输入整个单词，而它希望您输入。

By the way, Emacs is picky about whether you type y or yes. Sometimes it wants one, sometimes the other. If it asks for a y, you can sometimes get away with typing yes but not vice versa. If it beeps and displays, Please answer yes or no, you didn't enter the whole word and it wants you to.

Emacs 拥有丰富的在线帮助，这将在第 14 章中进一步讨论 。您可以通过工具栏上的救星图标或通过“帮助”菜单输入帮助。两种方法都会向您显示帮助菜单， 本节稍后描述。要使用键盘输入帮助，请按 Ch。按Ch ?给你一个选项列表。按 Ch t会启动一个教程，这是对 Emacs 的精彩介绍。

Emacs has extensive online help, which is discussed further in Chapter 14. You can enter help through the lifesaver icon on the toolbar or through the Help menu. Either method will show you a help menu, described later in this section. To enter help using the keyboard, press C-h. Pressing C-h ? gives you a list of options. Pressing C-h t starts a tutorial that is an excellent introduction to Emacs.

要获取有关击键组合含义的信息，请按Ch k获取描述键。例如，如果您键入 Ch k Cx i ，Emacs 将显示insert-file命令的描述 ，该命令绑定到Cx i。按Ch f（表示“描述函数”）会要求 Emacs 描述一个函数（实际上只是一个命令名称，例如find-file）。本质上，Ch k和Ch f为您提供相同的信息；不同之处在于，使用Ch k时，您按下一个键，而使用Ch f时，您键入命令名称。

To get information about the meaning of a keystroke combination, press C-h k for describe-key. For example, if you type C-h k C-x i, Emacs displays a description of the insert-file command, which is bound to C-x i. Pressing C-h f (for describe-function) asks Emacs to describe a function (really just a command name, such as find-file). Essentially, C-h k and C-h f give you the same information; the difference is that with C-h k, you press a key whereas with C-h f, you type a command name.

假设您想了解Cx i的用途。

Assume you want to find out about what C-x i does.

类型：Ch k Type: C-h k

寻求有关键盘命令的帮助。 Asking for help about a keyboard command.

类型：CXi Type: C-x i

Emacs 分割屏幕来显示帮助。 Emacs splits the screen to display help.

需要注意的几件事：窗户 现在分为两部分，因为您正在查看两个单独的缓冲区。每个缓冲区都有自己的模式线。下层缓冲区为*Help*缓冲区；它包含有关插入文件命令的信息 。 Emacs 将光标保留在dickens 缓冲区中，因为没有充分的理由让您编辑缓冲区*Help*。

A few things to notice: the window is now split into two parts because you're looking at two separate buffers. Each buffer has its own mode line. The lower buffer is the *Help* buffer; it contains the information about the insert-file command. Emacs keeps the cursor in the dickens buffer because there's no good reason for you to edit the *Help* buffer.

您可能还注意到，在 描述该命令的文本，Emacs 称为光标 点。该术语在整个 Emacs 中都用来指代光标；你一定会遇到它。

You might also notice that in the text describing this command, Emacs calls the cursor point. This term is used throughout Emacs to refer to the cursor; you're bound to encounter it.

要使*Help*缓冲区消失，请按 Cx 1 （我们将在第 4 章中介绍此命令 ）。

To make the *Help* buffer disappear, press C-x 1 (we cover this command in Chapter 4).

现在您已经了解了启动和停止 Emacs 以及处理文件的基本命令。第 2 章建立在 这些命令为您提供使用 Emacs 进行编辑所需的技能。表 1-4 总结了本章介绍的命令。

Now you know the basic commands for starting and stopping Emacs and for working with files. Chapter 2 builds on these commands to give you the skills you need for editing with Emacs. Table 1-4 summarizes the commands we covered in this chapter.

在开始练习删除之前 命令，您可能想知道撤消命令，本章稍后将详细讨论该命令。输入C-_或 Cx u会撤消上次编辑；再次输入 undo将撤消之前的编辑，依此类推。

Before you start practicing deletion commands, you might want to know the undo command, which is discussed fully later in this chapter. Typing C-_ or C-x u undoes your last edit; typing undo again undoes the edit before that one, and so on.

Emacs 提供了多种删除文本的方法。删除文本的最简单方法是按Del键，这会删除紧邻光标左侧的字符。请参阅 图 2-4了解键盘上Del键的可能位置。它有时被称为退格键。 Del最容易定义它的作用：它删除前一个字符。如果您在打字时决定删除您输入的最后一个字符，您会按哪个键？这就是 Emacs 称为 Del 的键。

Emacs provides many ways to delete text. The simplest way to delete text is to press the Del key, which deletes the character immediately to the left of the cursor. See Figure 2-4 for possible locations of the Del key on your keyboard. It is sometimes referred to as the Backspace key. Del is easiest to define by what it does: it deletes the previous character. If you're typing and you decide to erase the last character you typed, what key do you reach for? That's the key Emacs refers to as Del.

Emacs 提供了许多其他删除命令 — 也许对您来说太多了，尽管您最终会找到使用其中大部分命令的理由。例如，Cd（用于删除字符）删除光标下的字符。删除下一个单词的命令是Md（kill-word）。再次注意Meta键如何增强命令：Cd对字符进行操作，Md对单词进行操作。

Emacs provides a number of other deletion commands—perhaps too many for your taste, although you'll eventually find a reason to use most of them. For example, C-d (for delete-character) deletes the character under the cursor. The command for deleting the next word is M-d (for kill-word). Once again, note how the Meta key augments the command: C-d operates on a character, and M-d operates on a word.

Emacs有删除命令 下一个或上一个单词、句子和段落。当你在单词、句子或段落之间时，通过他们的名字，你可以猜出他们在做什么。然而，如果您位于一个实体的中间，它们会做一些有点令人惊讶的事情：它们会向后或向前删除当前单词、句子或段落的一部分，具体取决于命令是删除上一个还是下一个。例如，以下是Md根据光标所在位置的不同行为。

Emacs has commands to delete the next or previous word, sentence, and paragraph. By their names, you can guess what they do when you're between words, sentences, or paragraphs. If you're in the middle of an entity, however, they do something a little surprising: they delete a portion of the current word, sentence, or paragraph, backward or forward depending on whether the command deletes previous or next. For example, here's how M-d acts differently depending on where the cursor is.

那是最糟糕的时候

It was the worst of times

那是一个时代

It was the w of times

那是最糟糕的时候

It was the worst of times

那是时代

It was the of times

这是最糟糕的时候

It was the worst of times

这是时代的祸患

It was the wors of times

同样，如果你在 一个单词的中间，并要求 Emacs 删除前一个单词（M-Del， forback-kill-word），它会从光标位置删除到当前单词的开头。

Similarly, if you are in the middle of a word and ask Emacs to delete the previous word (M-Del, for backward-kill-word), it deletes from the cursor position back to the beginning of the current word.

如果要删除整行或部分行，请使用命令Ck（代表kill-line）。该命令删除从光标到行尾的所有内容。在空行上键入Ck会删除该行本身。因此，通常需要两次Ck来删除一行：一次删除文本，一次删除生成的空行。如果您想删除从行首到光标处的所有内容，请尝试更复杂的咒语Meta - Ck（即按住Meta，后跟连字符，然后Ck）。

If you want to delete an entire line or part of a line, use the command C-k (for kill-line). This command deletes everything from the cursor to the end of the line. Typing C-k on a blank line deletes the line itself. So, it usually takes two C-k's to delete a line: one to delete the text and one to delete the resulting blank line. If you want to delete everything from the beginning of the line up to the cursor, try the more complex incantation Meta - C-k (i.e., hold down Meta, followed by a hyphen, and then C-k).

您还可以使用Ck连接两条线。如果您位于一行的末尾，Ck会删除换行符，从而有效地将两行变成一行长行。

You can also use C-k to join two lines. If you're at the end of a line, C-k deletes the newline character, effectively making two lines into one long line.

杀戮戒指

The Kill Ring

现在你可能已经注意到了 Emacs 中的一些删除命令称为kill命令，例如kill-region、kill-word等。在 Emacs 中，杀戮并不致命，但事实上恰恰相反。被杀死的文本并不会永远消失，而是隐藏在一个称为“ 杀死环”的区域中。杀戮环，虽然听起来有点像暴力团伙，但它是一个内部存储区域，Emacs 在这里放置您复制或删除的内容。不要将 Kill Ring 与系统剪贴板混淆，系统剪贴板允许在应用程序之间进行复制和粘贴。我们将在本章后面介绍 Emacs 与系统剪贴板的关系。

By now you may have noticed that some deletion commands in Emacs are called kill commands, such as kill-region, kill-word, and the like. In Emacs, killing is not fatal, but in fact, quite the opposite. Text that has been killed is not gone forever but is hidden in an area called the kill ring. The kill ring, though it sounds somewhat like a violent gang, is an internal storage area where Emacs puts things you've copied or deleted. Do not confuse the kill ring with the system clipboard, which allows for copying and pasting between applications. We'll cover how Emacs relates to the system clipboard later in this chapter.

您可以通过输入Cy（代表yank ）来取回已删除的内容 。^{[ 3 ]}方便的是，如果您连续杀死几行，Emacs 会将它们收集到一个项目中，并将整个单元放入杀死环中；单个Cy命令即可恢复所有内容。在下面的示例中，我们将使用Ck四次来删除A Tale of Two Cities的前两行。 （记住：第一个Ck删除文本；第二个Ck删除剩余的空行。）然后我们将使用单个Cy将所有内容恢复。

You can get back what you've deleted by typing C-y (for yank).^[3] Conveniently, if you kill several lines in succession, Emacs collects them into a single item and places the whole unit into the kill ring; a single C-y command will bring everything back. In the following example, we'll use C-k four times to delete the first two lines of A Tale of Two Cities. (Remember: the first C-k deletes the text; the second C-k deletes the remaining blank line.) Then we'll use a single C-y to bring everything back.

初始状态： Initial state:

光标位于左上角。 The cursor is in upper-left corner.

类型：CK CK CK CK Type: C-k C-k C-k C-k

您已使用Ck删除了前两行。 You have deleted the first two lines with C-k.

类型：CY Type: C-y

只需一个命令即可恢复所有内容。 You got everything back with a single command.

究竟发生了什么 进入杀戮环？除了使用Cw删除的所有内容以及使用Mw复制的所有内容（您很快就会学到的两个命令）之外，您使用Ck删除的所有内容都会进入 Kill Ring。您使用Md、M-Del及其亲属删除的单词、句子和段落也会进入删除环。此外，使用Cu后跟Del或Cd删除的文本将进入删除环。 Emacs 唯一不保存在 Kill Ring 中的是单个字符，用Del 或Cd删除。 （如果需要，您可以使用绑定到C- _和Cx u的撤消命令恢复此类删除。）

What exactly goes into the kill ring? Everything you delete with C-k in addition to everything you delete with C-w and everything you copy with M-w (two commands that you'll learn shortly) go into the kill ring. Words, sentences, and paragraphs that you delete with M-d, M-Del, and their relatives also go into the kill ring. In addition, text that you delete with C-u followed by either Del or C-d goes into the kill ring. About the only thing that Emacs doesn't save in the kill ring is single characters, deleted with Del or C-d. (If you need to, you can get this type of deletion back using the undo command, bound to both C- _ and C-x u.)

Emacs 在将内容放入 Kill Ring 方面很聪明：当它从一组删除中组装一大块文本时，它总是正确地组装文本。例如，您可以输入一些 Md，然后输入一些M-Del ，最后再输入几个Ck 。当您输入Cy时，Emacs 会按照正确的顺序抽出您已删除的所有文本。 。

Emacs is clever about what it puts into the kill ring: when it is assembling a big block of text from a group of deletions, it always assembles the text correctly. For example, you can type a few M-d's, followed by some M-Del's, with a couple of C-k's thrown in. When you type C-y, Emacs yanks all the text that you've deleted in the proper order.

但是，您必须注意一件事。一旦您发出任何不是终止命令的命令，Emacs 就会停止组装这些文本块。例如，如果您键入Ck ，然后使用Cd删除单个字符 ，然后键入另一个Ck，则您已经破坏了链条。 Emacs 不认为用Cd删除单个字符是一个“kill”命令；这只是删除，并没有存储。在这种情况下，您还没有创建一个终止命令链；你已经制作了两条链子。稍后，我们将了解如何恢复较早的被删除的文本。

However, there's one thing you have to watch out for. Emacs stops assembling these blocks of text as soon as you give any command that isn't a kill command. For example, if you type C-k, then delete a single character with C-d, then type another C-k, you've broken the chain. Emacs doesn't consider deletion of a single character with C-d a "kill" command; it's just a deletion and it isn't stored. In this case, you haven't made a single chain of kill commands; you've made two chains. Later, we'll see how to get the older killed text back.

表 2-3总结了以下命令 删除、删除和拉出文本，包括“编辑” 菜单中的选项。

Table 2-3 summarizes the commands for deleting, killing, and yanking text, including options from the Edit menu.

表 2-3。删除命令

Table 2-3. Deletion commands

击键 Keystrokes	命令名称 Command name	行动 Action
光盘 C-d	删除字符 delete-char	删除光标下的字符。 Delete character under cursor.
德尔 Del	删除向后字符 delete-backward-char	删除前一个字符。 Delete previous character.
MD M-d	杀戮词 kill-word	删除下一个单词。 Delete next word.
M-德尔 M-Del	向后杀字 backward-kill-word	删除前一个单词。 Delete previous word.
肌酸 C-k	杀戮线 kill-line	删除从光标到行尾的内容。 Delete from cursor to end of line.
MK M-k	杀句 kill-sentence	删除下一句。 Delete next sentence.
CX德尔 C-x Del	向后杀句 backward-kill-sentence	删除前一句。 Delete previous sentence.
CY C-y	猛拉 yank	恢复您删除的内容。 Restore what you've deleted.
Cw 编辑 → 剪切 C-w Edit → Cut	杀伤区 kill-region	删除标记的区域（请参阅下一节）。 Delete a marked region (see next section).
（没有任何） (none)	终止段落 kill-paragraph	删除下一段。 Delete next paragraph.
（没有任何） (none)	向后删除段落 backward-kill-paragraph	删除前一段。 Delete previous paragraph.

如果您想要的文本怎么办 删除只是一个短语？还是半段？或者几段？在 Emacs 中，您选择 文本通过定义一个称为区域的区域来实现。您可以使用鼠标或键盘来标记区域。鼠标发生的情况有点复杂，因此我们在本章稍后讨论系统剪贴板之后对其进行描述。

What if the text you want to delete is just a phrase? Or half a paragraph? Or several paragraphs? In Emacs, you select text by defining an area called a region. You can mark regions with the mouse or by using the keyboard. What happens with the mouse is a bit complicated, so we describe it later in this chapter, following our discussion of the system clipboard.

要使用键盘定义区域，您可以使用 称为标记的辅助指针。某些版本的 Emacs 在屏幕上显示该标记；不幸的是，在 GNU Emacs 中，该标记是不可见的。

To define a region using the keyboard, you use a secondary pointer called a mark. Some versions of Emacs display the mark on the screen; unfortunately, in GNU Emacs, the mark is invisible.

您可以通过按C-Space或 C-@在该区域的一端设置标记，然后将光标移动到另一端 该区域的末端。 （光标有时也称为点。然而，光标和点之间有一个微小但重要的区别。光标位于字符的顶部；在 Emacs 中，点实际上位于光标所在的字符之间正如我们所说，这种差异很小，但它可以帮助您直观地看到标记区域时光标应在的位置。）图 2-5说明了点、标记和区域。

You set the mark at one end of the region by pressing C-Space or C-@, then move the cursor to the other end of the region. (The cursor is sometimes also referred to as point. There is one minor but important difference between the cursor and the point, however. The cursor is on top of a character; in Emacs, the point is actually in between the character the cursor is on and the previous character. As we said, this difference is minor, but it helps you to visualize where the cursor should be when you mark a region.) Figure 2-5 illustrates point, mark, and region.

图 2-5。点、标记和区域

Figure 2-5. Point, mark, and region

让我们标记一个样本区域。在此示例中，我们删除了短语“it was the bad of times”。首先，我们找到该短语的开头。然后我们设置标记，前进到乐句末尾，然后剪切。

Let's mark a sample region. In this example, we remove the phrase "it was the worst of times." First, we find the beginning of the phrase. Then we set the mark, move forward to the end of the phrase, and cut.

移动到“it”的开头并按C-Space。 Move to the beginning of "it" and press C-Space.

设置标记；标记集出现在迷你缓冲区中。 Set the mark; Mark set appears in the minibuffer.

转到“那是智慧的时代”中的“i”。因为该点实际上就在“i”之前，所以这个位置恰到好处。

Move to the "i" in "it was the age of wisdom." Because the point is really just before the "i," this placement will be just right.

移至“那是智慧的时代”中的“i” Move to the "i" in "it was the age of wisdom"

该点位于要标记区域的末端。 The point is at the end of the region to be marked.

现在该区域已被标记。如果该区域未突出显示，您需要在发出删除命令之前确保其标记正确。按Cx Cx（交换点和标记）；该命令交换标记和点的位置。如果光标移动到您认为标记所在的位置，则该区域已正确标记。特别是因为您看不到该标记，所以 在删除区域之前使用Cx Cx检查其位置是一个好习惯。使用 Emacs 多年的人仍然忘记设置标记，然后进行删除，而不知道自己刚刚删除了什么。 （绑定到C-_和Cx u的撤消命令在这种情况下会派上用场。）

Now the region is marked. If the region is not highlighted, you'll want to make sure it is marked correctly before giving the delete command. Press C-x C-x (for exchange-point-and-mark); this command swaps the locations of the mark and the point. If the cursor moves to where you thought the mark was, the region is marked correctly. Especially because you can't see the mark, it's a good habit to check its location using C-x C-x before deleting a region. People who have used Emacs for years still forget to set the mark and then make a deletion without knowing what they've just deleted. (The undo command, bound to C-_ and C-x u, comes in handy in such a case.)

为了切割该区域， 按 Cw（用于终止区域）。 （工具栏上的剪刀图标也有效。）

To cut the region, press C-w (for kill-region). (The scissors icon on the toolbar also works.)

出版社：CW Press: C-w

Cw切割该区域。 C-w cuts the region.

如果你不确定自己做什么 删除后，只需按C-_即可撤消。文本仍被标记，如果需要，您可以使用Cw再次删除它。要移动文本，请对其进行标记，按Cw剪切区域，然后将光标移动到要插入文本的位置，然后按 Cy。如果您将文本拉回到错误的位置，只需键入C-_即可撤消它，然后移动到您真正想要放置文本的位置，然后再次按Cy。

If you're not sure of what you deleted, just press C-_ to undo it. The text is still marked, and you can delete it again with C-w if you want to. To move text, mark it, press C-w to cut the region, then move the cursor to the place you want to insert the text, and press C-y. If you yank the text back into the wrong location, just type C-_ to undo it, then move to the place you really wanted to put the text, and press C-y again.

定义区域时，通常在一端设置标记，然后将光标移动到区域的另一端。在一些最常见的情况下，一些快捷方式很有帮助。来标记一个 段落，按Mh。这会在段落末尾设置标记，并自动将光标放置在开头。类似地，Cx h（用于 mark-whole-buffer）标记整个缓冲区；光标移至开头，标记置于末尾。最后，Cx Cp标记当前页面，如果处于文本模式，则页面由Cl字符定义 。当然，标记段落、页面或缓冲区通常只是某些其他操作的前奏，例如杀死（Cw）。

When you're defining a region, you normally set the mark at one end and then move the cursor to the other end of the region. A few shortcuts are helpful in some of the most common situations. To mark a paragraph, press M-h. This sets the mark at the end of the paragraph and places the cursor at the beginning automatically. Similarly, C-x h (for mark-whole-buffer) marks the entire buffer; the cursor goes to the beginning, and the mark is placed at the end. Finally, C-x C-p marks the current page, with pages being defined by the C-l character if you are in text mode. Of course, marking a paragraph, page, or buffer is usually only the prelude to some other operation, like killing (C-w).

                              这是最近的 
                              删除。

                              This was the most recent 
                              deletion.

                              这是倒数第二次 
                              删除。

                              This was the second-last 
                              deletion.

                              这是倒数第三次 
                              删除。

                              This was the third-last 
                              deletion.

                              这是倒数第四次 
                              删除。

                              This was the fourth-last 
                              deletion.

Emacs 21 运行良好 使用剪贴板，尽管在某些情况下它仍然可能无法执行您想要的操作。让我们更详细地探讨一下这一点。

Emacs 21 plays well with the clipboard, though it still may not do what you want it to in some cases. Let's dig into this in a little more detail.

现在您已经了解了编辑的基础知识（将光标移动到正确的位置、删除、复制和移动文本），您可以学习一些使编辑更容易的技巧。

Now that you've learned the basics of editing—moving the cursor to the right position, deleting, copying, and moving text—you can learn some tricks that make editing easier.

最好的时光

the best of timse, it

                              最好的  
                              时光

                              the best of times  
                              it

一三二

one three two

                              一二三

                              one two three

                              山前

                              Before M-t

                              山后

                              After M-t

查尔斯·狄更斯

Charles, Dickens

                              查尔斯·狄更斯

                              Dickens, Charles

第二行

second line

                              第一行

                              first line

                              第一
                              行

                              f
                              irst line

                              第二行

                              second line

第三行

third line

                              第三
                              行

                              t
                              hird line